===================================================== EIKEN GRAMMAR CHEAT SHEET - ALL GRADES ESL Fun Online - Free Download https://eslfunonline.com/english/eiken.html ===================================================== █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ VERB TENSES █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ PRESENT SIMPLE -------------- Form: Subject + base verb (add -s/-es for he/she/it) Use: Habits, facts, schedules Examples: • I study English every day. • She works at a hospital. • The train leaves at 9:00. PRESENT CONTINUOUS ------------------ Form: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing Use: Actions happening now, temporary situations Examples: • I am studying for Eiken. • They are watching TV. • He is living in Tokyo this year. PAST SIMPLE ----------- Form: Subject + verb-ed (or irregular past form) Use: Completed actions in the past Examples: • I studied yesterday. • She went to school. • They bought a new car. PAST CONTINUOUS --------------- Form: Subject + was/were + verb-ing Use: Actions in progress at a past time Examples: • I was studying when you called. • They were playing soccer at 3pm. PRESENT PERFECT --------------- Form: Subject + have/has + past participle Use: Past actions connected to now, experience Examples: • I have studied English for 5 years. • She has been to America. • Have you finished your homework? FUTURE (will) ------------- Form: Subject + will + base verb Use: Predictions, decisions made now Examples: • I will study harder. • It will rain tomorrow. • She will help you. FUTURE (going to) ----------------- Form: Subject + am/is/are + going to + base verb Use: Plans, intentions Examples: • I am going to study medicine. • They are going to travel next month. █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ CONDITIONALS █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ ZERO CONDITIONAL (facts/general truths) --------------------------------------- Form: If + present simple, present simple Examples: • If you heat water, it boils. • If it rains, the grass gets wet. FIRST CONDITIONAL (real/possible future) ---------------------------------------- Form: If + present simple, will + base verb Examples: • If I study hard, I will pass the test. • If it rains, we will stay home. SECOND CONDITIONAL (unreal/hypothetical present) ------------------------------------------------ Form: If + past simple, would + base verb Examples: • If I had money, I would travel. • If I were you, I would study more. THIRD CONDITIONAL (unreal past) ------------------------------- Form: If + past perfect, would have + past participle Examples: • If I had studied, I would have passed. • If she had known, she would have helped. █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ PASSIVE VOICE █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ Form: Subject + be + past participle (+ by + agent) TENSE TRANSFORMATIONS: Present Simple: is/are + past participle Active: They make cars in Japan. Passive: Cars are made in Japan. Past Simple: was/were + past participle Active: Someone stole my bike. Passive: My bike was stolen. Present Perfect: have/has been + past participle Active: They have finished the project. Passive: The project has been finished. Future: will be + past participle Active: They will build a new school. Passive: A new school will be built. █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ SHORT ADJECTIVES (1 syllable) ----------------------------- Comparative: adjective + -er + than Superlative: the + adjective + -est Examples: • tall → taller → the tallest • big → bigger → the biggest • fast → faster → the fastest LONG ADJECTIVES (2+ syllables) ------------------------------ Comparative: more + adjective + than Superlative: the most + adjective Examples: • beautiful → more beautiful → the most beautiful • expensive → more expensive → the most expensive IRREGULAR --------- • good → better → the best • bad → worse → the worst • far → farther/further → the farthest/furthest • little → less → the least • many/much → more → the most █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ MODAL VERBS █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ CAN - ability, possibility, permission • I can speak English. • Can I use your phone? COULD - past ability, polite requests • I could swim when I was young. • Could you help me? MAY - permission, possibility • May I leave early? • It may rain today. MIGHT - possibility (less certain than may) • I might go to the party. MUST - obligation, strong recommendation • You must study for the test. • You must see this movie! SHOULD - advice, recommendation • You should eat more vegetables. HAVE TO - necessity, obligation • I have to work tomorrow. █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ QUESTION FORMATION █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ YES/NO QUESTIONS ---------------- Do/Does + subject + base verb? • Do you like coffee? • Does she work here? Did + subject + base verb? • Did you study yesterday? Is/Are/Was/Were + subject + verb-ing? • Are you coming to the party? WH- QUESTIONS ------------- Question word + auxiliary + subject + verb WHAT - asking about things • What is your name? • What did you eat? WHERE - asking about places • Where do you live? • Where is the station? WHEN - asking about time • When is your birthday? • When did you arrive? WHY - asking about reasons • Why are you late? • Why did she leave? WHO - asking about people • Who is your teacher? • Who made this cake? HOW - asking about manner/method • How do you make coffee? • How did you learn English? HOW + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB • How old are you? • How long have you been here? • How often do you exercise? • How much does it cost? • How many books do you have? █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ RELATIVE CLAUSES █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ WHO - for people • The woman who lives next door is a doctor. WHICH - for things • The book which I bought is interesting. THAT - for people or things • The man that called you is here. • The car that I want is expensive. WHERE - for places • The restaurant where we met is closed. WHEN - for times • I remember the day when we first met. WHOSE - for possession • The student whose bag was stolen reported it. █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ REPORTED SPEECH █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ TENSE CHANGES (direct → reported): • Present simple → Past simple • Present continuous → Past continuous • Past simple → Past perfect • will → would • can → could • must → had to Examples: Direct: "I am tired," she said. Reported: She said (that) she was tired. Direct: "I will help you," he said. Reported: He said (that) he would help me. PRONOUN CHANGES: • I → he/she • we → they • my → his/her • our → their TIME EXPRESSION CHANGES: • today → that day • yesterday → the day before • tomorrow → the next day • now → then █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ ARTICLES (a/an/the) █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ A/AN (indefinite) ----------------- • Use "a" before consonant sounds: a book, a university • Use "an" before vowel sounds: an apple, an hour • Use for singular, countable, non-specific nouns • First mention of something THE (definite) -------------- • Something specific or known • Second mention of something • Only one of something exists • Superlatives (the best, the tallest) • With some geographical names (the Pacific Ocean) NO ARTICLE ---------- • General plurals or uncountables • Most countries, cities • Languages, meals, sports • School, work, home (general concept) Examples: • I saw a cat. The cat was black. • Water is important. (general) • I go to school every day. • The moon is beautiful tonight. █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ COMMON EIKEN MISTAKES TO AVOID █████████████████████████████████████████████████████ 1. Subject-Verb Agreement ✗ She go to school. ✓ She goes to school. 2. Article Errors ✗ I like the music. (general) ✓ I like music. 3. Tense Consistency ✗ Yesterday I go to the store. ✓ Yesterday I went to the store. 4. Countable/Uncountable ✗ I need an information. ✓ I need some information. 5. Preposition Errors ✗ I arrived to Tokyo. ✓ I arrived in Tokyo. 6. Question Formation ✗ Where you live? ✓ Where do you live? ===================================================== Print this cheat sheet and keep it with you while studying for quick reference! More resources: https://eslfunonline.com/english/eiken.html =====================================================